2: Key Concepts of AS 1100 for Civil Draftsperson
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| Drawing: Instrumental |
These are based on a set on standards that have been globally agreed upon by the International Standards Organisation (ISO). These standards are then tailored to the specific needs of a country depending on such things as the adopted measuring system (metric or imperial), environmental conditions, manufacturing processes and developments in technology.
The Australian Standard 1100 (more commonly referred to as the AS 1100), acts as a convention for all engineers, architects, designers, surveyors, pattern makers and other design disciplines to follow.
This ensures that the visual communications, products and environments that they design can be manufactured by anyone around the world. These standards include everything from the paper size that is used, the pens or pencils the lines are drawn with and even the type and total number of drawings that are required for any one part or assembly of parts.
The standards offered in the sub-menus of this section of the blog are an interpreted and abridged version of the Australian Standards AS 1100.101-1992 Technical Drawing – General Principles.
Although the AS 1100 covers all disciplines of technical drawing, especially engineering, some design disciplines such as architecture, apply additional conventions that tailor the technical illustrations and notations to industry requirements.
Dimensioning
Dimensioning is used to indicate the overall and individual feature measurements of the product to be manufactured. To avoid any confusion, all dimensioning should be clear and allow a manufacturer or builder to read the plans quickly and without ambiguity.
General Rules
All necessary dimensions to manufacture the finished product must be shown. No more dimensions than those necessary are to be given.
- Dimensions should be selected and arranged to suit the function and assembly of parts. All dimensions should be clear and not open to interpretation. These dimensions are known as 'Functional Dimensions'.
- Drawing should define the form of a part without specifying how the part is to be manufactured. For example, the diameter of a hole is given without indicating if it is to be drilled, reamed, punched or any other production method.
- All dimensions should be arranged for optimum readability. Each dimension should be provided in the view best suited to the feature being dimensioned and refer to visible outlines unless unavoidable.
Projection and Dimension Lines:
Projection Lines: Projection lines are fictional lines that are 'projected' or drawn out from a line, point, or surface to enable the object's dimensions to be placed outside its outline. This ensures that the dimensions are communicated clearly and the outline of the part is still obvious from a distance. Projection lines are the extremities of a dimension, that is, where the measurement begins and finishes.
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Dimension Lines: Dimension lines indicate the measurement of the feature being specified. Like projection lines, they should be placed outside of the part outline whenever practical. The image below shows the application of both Projection Lines and Dimension Lines in combination.
The spacing of the dimension lines should be in reference to the character height being used. Australian standards recommends that the first-dimension line be drawn 3 times (3h) the character height away from the part outline and 2 times (2h) for all succeeding dimension lines.
Leaders: Leaders are lines that are drawn with a terminator, such as an arrowhead or dot, to indicate where dimensions, notes, item numbers, or feature identifiers are intended to apply. When leaders are used to
Types of Dimensions
Functional Dimensions:
Measurements that are crucial for the operation or assembly of a part or an environment are known as 'Functional Dimensions'. These dimensions must always be inserted onto a component or detail drawing.
Functional dimensions on an engineering drawing.
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| Functional dimensions on an architectural drawing. |
Overall Dimensions:
Overall dimension removes non-functional dimension
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| Overall dimension removes non-functional dimension |
- Auxiliary Dimensions: These are extra dimensions added to clarify complex parts that cannot be measured easily with basic linear or angular dimensions.
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| Auxiliary dimension replaces non-functional dimension within parentheses or round brackets ( ) |
Dimensioning Symbols
The following symbols are used to indicate the features of dimensions and to assist in describing the physical form of the part being dimensioned. Symbol proportions relate to the height (h) of the characters being using within the drawing.
Example of Dimensions
Linear Dimensions: Linear Dimensions should be indicated in millimetres (mm). This can be indicated on the drawing by inserting a prominent note, 'DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES' usually within the titleblock. In the case of two units of measurement being used in the same drawing then the note 'ALL DIMENSIONS IN MM UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED' should be inserted. The measurements other than millimetres should then be indicated with the appropriate symbol placed after the numerical value.
Angular Dimensions: Angular dimensions are expressed in degrees. They can be expressed as decimals or in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Methods of Dimensioning
All dimensions within drawings should be completed using one of the following methods;
Unidirectional Style
A method where dimensions are placed in one direction (usually horizontally) to keep the drawing neat and clear. The unidirectional method requires dimensions to be drawn parallel to the bottom of the drawing sheet, that is, horizontal. To ensure that the written dimension is legible, gaps are left between the written dimension and any surrounding lines such as dimension lines and centre lines.
Aligned Style
The aligned method requires dimensions to be placed parallel to the dimension line so that they can be read from either the bottom edge or from the right side of the drawing while avoiding placing any dimensions in the shaded area as indicated in Figure 400 – Aligned Dimensioning.
Staggered Dimensions
When several parallel dimensions are projected out from a drawing, dimensions should be staggered to ensure that they are easy to read.
Lines and Line Styles
Line styles and thicknesses are an important component of instrumental drawing. They can indicate the boundaries of a part, a part's hidden features, or the travel path of a machinist's drill, mill or lathe. It is important that the correct line style and thickness is used to ensure your instrumental drawing is not ambiguous to anyone involved in the manufacture or construction of a product or environment, the production of instructions or the use of the product or environment. The advantage of changes line thicknesses can be seen when a drawing requires lots of dimensions, the thicker outline stands out from thinner dimension lines.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K could represent various line types such as:
A: Border lines or outline lines
B: Dimension lines
C: Construction lines
D: Hidden lines
E: Center lines
F: Section lines
G: Break lines
H: Leader lines
J: Object lines
K: Hatching lines or other specific line types used in the drawing
Line Presentation in Technical Drawings
The presentation of lines in instrumental drawings is important as it maintains clear communication of intention and avoids ambiguity. It is therefore important that the following guidelines are used when drawing the applicable line styles;
General Standards
The scale of line thickness and length of dashes and spaces should be uniform across a drawing.
The thickness of line(s) used should not become thinner than 0.18mm if the drawing sheet was reduced to A4.
Chain Lines
When indicating centre points, centreline dashes should intersect at the origin of the feature
· Centrelines should extend a small distance past the feature of the drawing
· Centrelines should cease at any other line of the drawing
· Chain lines that indicate a cutting plane should begin and end with long dashes as best fits the drawing
· Chain lines that form an angle should cross or meet at the corners
Dash Lines
Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the visible or lines from which they originate
If a dashed line meets a curved line tangentially, then it should be with a solid portion of the line
Sectioning
There are occasions when a drawing cannot provide adequate information to indicate the form of an object or environment. In these circumstances an additional view must be drawn in combination with, or instead of, the normal outside views. The new view is called a sectional view.
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| Sectional views represent a view that has been sliced along a cutting plane to reveal a product or environment's inner detail. |
Hatching
Whenever a sectional view is drawn, the remaining solid or material components are indicated by hatch lines. Drawn at 45°, hatch lines should be drawn as thin lines and evenly spaced over the entire part.
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| Hatching a part with 45° geometry. |
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Hatching with three and two adjacent parts. |
Half Sections:
Any part or environment that is symmetrical can be drawn half sectioned.
Local Sections:
Local sections can used to avoid showing a separate sectional view. The local area being sectioned is indicated by a continuous thin irregular line.
Successive Sections:
Successive sections can be drawn as removed sections when, through lack of space, the sectional views cannot be shown in normal projection.
Revolved Sections:
Revolved sections are used to the cross section of an arm, rib, spoke, or bar. Revolved sections are shown by drawing the cross sectional view of the part in position with the adjacent detail drawn around the revolved view.
Removed Sections:
Removed sections are similar to revolved sections but they are drawn outside of the original part. They can be drawn adjacent to the original part or completely away from it. If drawn completely away from the part, both the section and the cutting plane must be clearly indicated to avoid confusion.
Exceptions to Sectioning
As with most rules there are exceptions. When a section plane cuts parts such as bolts, ribs, nuts, rivets, shafts, spokes, or wheels then these parts are not sectioned but shown in an external view.
Types of Drawings
When a product or environment has been designed, it is then prototyped or produced by a manufacturer or constructed by a team of builders or engineers. To assist in the creation of the product a set of plans are required. These plans enable the people whose job it is to create the design to do so in a way that meets the designer or client requirements. In order to do this, a drawing method that can illustrate to someone the size and shape of product's form, how many parts the product has and from what material each part or component will be made or constructed from is required.
What drawings are needed?
When a designer chooses to have a product manufactured they must provide the manufacturer or builder with enough information to make each individual part and assemble the parts to construct the overall product or environment. In these circumstances a complete set of 'Working Drawings' are needed. A set of working drawings consist of 'Detail Drawings' and 'Assembly Drawings'. In some occasions a 3-dimensional pictorial drawing can also be included to provide additional information if required.
Detail Drawings
Detail drawings are used as a primary reference for manufacturing an individual part. They must show all of the detail required to manufacture an individual component including a suitable number of fully dimensioned orthogonal views. It is convention for detailed drawings to contain only one part per drawing sheet; however, multi-detailed drawings can be used when it is more convenient to show a small number of simple individual parts on the same drawing.
The following information is included on a detail drawing;
· Dimensions and instructional annotations
· Drafting standards used (AS 1100)
· Name and Title of the Drawing
· Drawing NumberUnit of measure (mm)
· Tolerances where appropriate
· Surface texture finishes
· Special Treatments (heat, metallic coatings, paint)
· References that reference a part to its particular sub-assembly
· Type of Material used (Steel, High Speed Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Brass, Polystyrene, ABS)
· Names of drafter, checker, approver, the dates on which the drafting and other procedures occurred
· Zone reference system to help locate areas on a drawing
· Size of the drawing sheetName of company or department
· Drawing sheet reference, eg. 1 of 2
Assembly and Sub-assembly Drawings
In civil construction design, an assembly drawing serves to demonstrate how various individual components or structures come together to form a complete system or structure. These drawings utilize orthogonal views and section cuts to provide clarity on how each part fits within the overall assembly. For large or complex projects, sub-assembly drawingsare often created to detail smaller sections of the overall design.
For instance, in the construction of a bridge, the bridge deck could be considered a sub-assembly, while the support piers and abutments might each be separate sub-assemblies. These sub-assemblies—such as foundation elements, superstructure components, and reinforcement details—are then combined in the final assembly drawing to show how all the parts come together to form the finished structure, like a bridge or an entire civil infrastructure system. This approach allows for better organization, clarity, and understanding, especially when dealing with intricate and large-scale civil projects.
There are two styles of assembly drawings used; General Assembly Drawings and Working Assembly Drawings
1. General Assembly Drawings
General assembly drawings are orthogonal drawings that are used to identify the individual components required to make up an assembly or sub-assembly. When drawing a general assembly the following points should be taken into account:
· Only the necessary views required to clearly describe how the parts fit together and how the sub-assembly functions should be shown. These views should include a sectional view to avoid the use of hidden lines.
· Annotations and dimensions that relate to the function of the sub-assembly are provided.
· Individual components are identified by the use of leaders from the part and numbers enclosed within circles or balloons.
· A Parts list sorted by the part number in the drawing identifies each part, its drawing number, and quantity. This list should also include any off the shelf parts used within the sub-assembly.
· Assembly and sub-assembly drawings do not need to list information about the manufacture of individual parts. However, information about how a sub-assembly is to be assembled or important dimensions that could affect its assembly can be included.
2. Working Assembly Drawings
Working assembly drawings are a combination of working drawings and assembly drawings. They are typically only used where the drawing of the individual components, dimensions and the assembly of parts can be drawn on the same drawing sheet without ambiguity. Such drawings are typically only used in industries like furniture design where join details are provided in enlarged separate detailed drawings.
Practical Relevance of Standards
Global standards like ISO ensure uniformity, while local adaptations like AS 1100 cater to regional needs. Adhering to these standards streamlines design processes and enhances collaboration in global manufacturing.
The Importance of Adhering to Technical Standards in Civil Engineering
In civil engineering construction and design, adhering to technical standards such as AS 1100 is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and consistency of engineering drawings. These standards provide a common framework for engineers, architects, and manufacturers to communicate, reducing the risk of errors and discrepancies. By following such globally recognized standards, we ensure that designs are compatible across various industries and geographical locations, facilitating seamless collaboration and ensuring the successful execution of construction projects. Compliance with these standards ultimately results in safer, more reliable structures and helps streamline the production process.
I hope this blog helped shed light on the importance of adhering to technical standards in civil engineering! These standards are key to ensuring accuracy, efficiency, and smooth collaboration across industries. 🏗️
Answers of previous Lecture:
Answer 1: b) Using a ruler and making sure the walls are straight and the door fits.: Measurements and accuracy are key to creating functional designs. AS 1100 focuses on ensuring everything is scaled properly and follows standardized guidelines.
Answer 2: a) So everyone understands the drawing, even if they speak a different language.: Standards like AS 1100 help ensure consistency across drawings, so engineers and builders can collaborate effectively, no matter their background.
Answer 3: b) Making sure the dimensions are accurate.: Accuracy in dimensions is crucial for ensuring that designs fit together in the real world. AS 1100 emphasizes precise measurements to avoid costly errors in construction.
Answer 4 : b) To make sure everything is in the right place and works well when built.: Proper lines, symbols, and measurements are essential for creating a clear and functional design. AS 1100 helps maintain accuracy so that construction can proceed smoothly.
If you found this helpful, I’d love to hear your thoughts! 🤔
Drop your feedback or any questions in the comments below!
Quick Questions to Reflect On:
- How do you ensure compliance with technical standards like AS 1100 in your projects? 🛠️
- How can inconsistencies in technical drawings impact your project timelines and quality? ⏳
- Fun Fact: Did you know that adhering to global standards can save up to 20% in production costs? 📉
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1.Ensuring compliance with technical standards like AS 1100 involves a systematic approach:
ReplyDeleteUnderstand the Standard: Start by thoroughly reviewing the requirements and guidelines outlined in AS 1100. Familiarize yourself with line types, symbols, dimensioning methods, and layout conventions.
2. Inconsistencies in technical drawings can significantly impact project timelines and quality in several ways: Delays in Construction or Manufacturing.
3. That’s a fantastic fact! Adhering to global standards not only ensures consistency and quality but also streamlines processes across industries. Here’s why it can save up to 20% in production costs: Minimized Errors: Standardized designs reduce misunderstandings and errors, avoiding costly rework or redesigns.
Interoperability: Components designed to global standards can seamlessly integrate with other standardized parts, reducing customizations and simplifying supply chains.
Answer1: Understand the Standard Thoroughly
ReplyDeleteFamiliarize yourself with the guidelines, symbols, notation, and conventions outlined in AS 1100. This includes how to represent dimensions, line types, scales, and any other technical drawing conventions. It also covers specific rules for different types of drawings like architectural, structural, and mechanical drawings.
2. Adopt Standardized Symbols and Notations
AS 1100 specifies standardized symbols for things like electrical components, plumbing, and materials. Use these consistent symbols in your drawings to make sure others (engineers, architects, builders, etc.) interpret your designs correctly, regardless of their specific field of expertise.
3. Follow Dimensioning and Scaling Guidelines
Accurate dimensioning and scaling are critical to ensure that designs can be built exactly as intended. AS 1100 provides clear instructions on how to dimension drawings, including appropriate line weights, spacing, and the order of information. For example, it will specify where to place the dimensions and how to present them clearly and unambiguously.
Answer2: Delays in Construction
Misinterpretation of Design: If a drawing contains errors or unclear annotations, construction workers and contractors may misinterpret the design. This can lead to mistakes during the build, causing delays as workers correct errors.
Rework: Inconsistent drawings can lead to rework, where sections of the construction need to be torn down and rebuilt to align with the correct design. This not only wastes time but also increases costs.
2. Increased Costs
Material Wastage: If measurements are wrong, contractors may order the wrong amount or type of material. This results in material wastage, delayed orders, or the need for last-minute procurement, all of which can increase costs.
Labor Costs: If workers need to revisit their tasks due to incorrect drawings, additional labor hours will be required to correct mistakes. This extends the project timeline and adds to the overall cost.
3. Quality Issues in the Final Product
Structural Integrity: Inconsistent drawings, especially in structural or engineering designs, can lead to critical errors affecting the building’s integrity. For instance, miscalculated dimensions or wrong material specifications could result in a structure that doesn't meet safety standards, potentially compromising its stability.
Fit and Function: If dimensions or placements are incorrect (e.g., door or window locations), components might not fit together as planned. This can affect the functionality and aesthetic quality of the final build.
Answer3Yes, that's a fantastic fun fact! Adhering to global standards—whether in construction, manufacturing, or any other industry—can lead to significant cost savings. By ensuring consistency, improving efficiency, and reducing errors, companies can avoid expensive rework, streamline supply chains, and minimize waste.
For example, in construction, standardized designs and materials can reduce procurement time and costs, while standardized technical drawings (like those adhering to AS 1100 or international equivalents) help avoid costly mistakes during the build. Also, following global standards can speed up approvals and inspections, avoiding delays and fines.
In the long run, standards create predictability, which is key to controlling costs and ensuring quality across the board. Pretty impressive, right?
1. AS 1100 is used to work with regulation and abide with the safety standards which is useful to access the quick and ease.
ReplyDelete2. Inconsistencies can lead to difficulties in reading the drawing and may also lead to drop safety of the building which impacts the project timeline.
3. Adhering to technical global standards is good for reducing the cost and better for the communication in constructions projects.
3.
1. How do you make sure your projects adhere to technical standards like AS 1100?
ReplyDelete:The team can be thoroughly trained on AS 1100 standards, standardised drawing templates can be used, quality checks can be used at every level of the design process, and software that combines these standards can be used to guarantee compliance.
2. What effects could inconsistent technical drawings have on the quality and timeliness of your projects?
Miscommunication, mistakes in manufacturing or building, project schedule delays, higher expenses, and a degraded final structure's quality or safety can all result from inconsistencies.
Fun Fact: Did you know that production costs can be reduced by up to 20% by following international standards?
:This demonstrates how standardisation has economical advantages. Following international standards like AS 1100 can drastically lower production costs by lowering errors, minimising rework, and simplifying communication.
1:Legal and Regulatory Requirements
ReplyDeleteSafety Standards and Protocols
2:Claims by contractors
When the tender documents contain inaccurate information, the bid responses will tend to contain higher margins or markups for contingency costs. If that’s not enough, the contractor will be more likely to issue more claims during the execution of the work to recover costs that are higher than anticipated.
Reduced efficiency
The tendency for rework due to errors can affect the cost of the project, cause pressure on the schedule and also affect the quality of the work.
Time is wasted on site when work is delayed due to errors in the design. This in turn causes more complexity on the project because the project manager or superintendent will then need to re-organise the sequence of work as best as possible. Engineers and designers also spend a good portion of their time responding to technical queries.
3:
1. Familiarize and use standardized tools, collaborate and maintain communication with stakeholders to meet all standards.
ReplyDelete2. Project delays, rework, and material waste which cause extra costs and lead to construction errors, safety hazards or project failure if critical aspects of design are missed or misinterpreted.
3. Great! It help teams work efficiently together by minimizes mistakes, keeping project on schedule, faster approval and smoother excecution, optimize material and reduce waste to drive significant cost savings.
Q1. How do you ensure compliance with technical standards like AS 1100 in your projects?
ReplyDeleteAns: We make sure everyone on the team understands and follows the AS 1100 standards by providing training and using ready-made templates. We also double-check drawings at every step and use software that helps stick to these standards.
Q2. How can inconsistencies in technical drawings impact your project timelines and quality?
Ans: Mistakes or unclear drawings can cause confusion, lead to errors during construction, delay the project, and increase costs. They can also affect the quality and safety of what’s being built.
Q3. Fun Fact: Did you know that adhering to global standards can save up to 20% in production costs?
Ans: Sticking to global standards doesn’t just make things easier—it can also save a lot of money by reducing mistakes, cutting down on rework, and improving how smoothly the project runs.
1. How do you ensure compliance with AS 1100?
ReplyDeleteBy training the team, using templates, checking drawings, and using supportive software.
2. How do inconsistencies in drawings affect projects?
They cause confusion, delays, extra costs, and lower quality.
3. Fun Fact: Following global standards can save up to 20% in costs by reducing mistakes and improving efficiency.
Ans 1. Ensuring Compliance with AS 1100 in Projects: - Compliance with technical standards like AS 1100 (the Australian Standard for technical drawing) is crucial for consistency, clarity, and effective communication in projects. Here's how it can be ensured:
ReplyDelete1) Training and Awareness: Team members are trained on AS 1100 requirements to ensure everyone understands the standards for line work, dimensioning, scales, and symbols.
2) Standardized Templates: Utilizing pre-approved drawing templates and libraries that comply with AS 1100 ensures consistency.
3) Quality Control: Regular audits and peer reviews of drawings verify compliance with the standards before release.
4) Use of CAD Software: Advanced CAD tools often come with built-in support for standards like AS 1100, helping automate compliance checks.
5) Documented Procedures: Establishing clear guidelines for creating, reviewing, and updating drawings ensures adherence throughout the project lifecycle.
Ans 2. Impact of Inconsistencies in Technical Drawings
Inconsistencies in technical drawings can have several adverse effects:
1) Project Delays: Ambiguous or incorrect drawings can lead to confusion, rework, or delays in construction/manufacturing.
2) Increased Costs: Fixing errors in later stages of a project is often costly, consuming additional labour and materials.
3) Quality Issues: Inaccuracies can lead to defective products or structures, risking safety and compliance.
4) Communication Gaps: Misaligned or unclear drawings hinder collaboration among stakeholders, affecting overall project harmony.
Ans 3. Fun Fact
Adhering to global standards, including AS 1100, not only reduces production costs by up to 20% but also enhances market competitiveness. Consistency streamlines production, reduces waste, and ensures products meet customer expectations seamlessly!